The purpose of the paper is to analyze the relationship between the internal R&D investments and the performance of the Spanish companies, considering if the source of the investment is public or private in a context of austerity policies and financial crisis. We use the panel data approach procedures, covering 1.345 companies and 5 years (from 2008 to 2012) from the PITEC database. Results show that the investment of public resources in internal R&D does not impact on the sales of Spanish companies, but the investment of private resources has a positive impact on the turnover. The impact of the private R&D investment on sales depends on the size and sector of the companies and their capability of generating own resources to invest in internal R&D.

Nowadays readers, researchers, and intellectual people are going online to read a text, information, academic material. As technology has advanced, you have reached an age where almost everybody from a teenage kid to an adult has a supercomputer in the form of mobile in his/her pocket. Thus, Every piece of information is at the tip of your hands. So, to help students, researchers to learn better we need to ask the right set of questions. To design a question test for every material available on the internet is a tedious task, we need to automate this process. This can be done using Rhetorical Structure Theory(RST) which is one of the techniques to define text spans into Nucleus and Satellite pairs, we propose a modified set of Nucleus-Satellite Pairs to cover a large set of text-domain.

The global economic crisis has produced a large cohort of unemployed youth, who in 2009, stood at around 181 million worldwide. The global and regional challenges have not spared the Kenyan youth. To address youth challenges, efforts have been made by the Kenyan government to initiate youth development programs such as sessional paper No. 4 of 2005, sessional paper No. 2 of 1992 on small scale and Jua Kali enterprises and poverty eradication plan (1999-2015) among others. These initiatives were met with many challenges. Firstly, there was a high population growth rate which exerted and continues to exert pressure on available resources. Secondly, there was low economic growth rate. An education system that produces graduates who are ill equipped for entry to the Job market did not help matters either. The inadequate financial resources did not provide an enabling environment for the youth to participate in economic activities. To ensure the youth get access to cheap loans, the youth enterprise development fund was created in December 2006 through a legal notice with a sole purpose of advancing loans to Youths for purpose of setting businesses. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of entrepreneurial training on financial sustainability of projects funded by youth enterprise development fundin Imenti South Sub-County, Meru County. The result indicated that the groups had an average current ratio of 2.1 implying that most groups were largely financially sustainable. The study also shows that entrepreneurial training empowers youths to initiate personal ventures that enhance their independence through creation of self-employment. The results show that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between current ratio and groups where entrepreneurial training has enabled them to come up with new innovative projects(r = - 0.432 at p = 0.036). This is because the p-value was less than 0.05. This implies that groups which utilize entrepreneurial training for innovative purposes are likely to be sustainable. In conclusion youth entrepreneurship training is essential for the financial sustainability of youth projects. This is because such training acts as empowerment of youths to initiate personal ventures, encouraging innovation, reduction of dependency on external funding and proper utilization of YEDF