On remote highways, it is often seen that the lights are on throughout the night even when there are no vehicles on the roads. This wastes a lot or valuable energy, which could have been used for other purposes. In today's world where the demand for energy is increasing and it's supply declining, it is wise to save electricity wherever possible.
Abstract Online: 15-November-2015

This study is in line with the importance of the activities which the Emirs of Khazima or Alam's dynasty has done in Sistan. So the goal of this study is Alam dynasty's role in forming of uprising of nine February 1952 in Sistan. The research method is scientific and the necessary data is collected by using the library studies. The results show that the Alam and Pahlavi dynasty have treated with cruelty and injustice in Sistan. People were aware of this issue and formed the popular uprising of nine February 1952 and showed their opposition against them. In this regard, people were demanding their right and in this way a lot of people have been killed.
Abstract Online: 15-November-2015

The philosophy of marketing as the interface between an organisation and the outside world, particularly its customers, implies that all marketing activities are destined to communicate something to someone, somewhere. Trade fair provide good forum for manufacturers, exporters and businesses to advertise their products and services to the world at large. Understanding why people don't attend trade fair activities has proven to be one of the challenging issues in contemporary times. Despite the effort made by Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA) to organize trade fairs, Nigerian traders are showing no interest in participating in trade fairs activities. The objective of this study therefore is to investigate and determine the level of awareness and participation of business sectors in trade fair activities in Nigeria and to awaken the business sectors and the general public consciousness and direct organizers on trade fair activities. In order to measure the significance of the difference in the perceived attendance to trade fair among participants in Kaduna state and federal capital territory Abuja Nigeria, sample of 250 respondents were drawn, an interview was conducted and questionnaires were distributed using a simple random sampling techniques. Chi-square analysis was applied to the data obtained from the respondents. The findings show that the business sectors are aware of the trade fair activities, but more effort need to be made to increase the attendance. The study revealed that there is an urgent need for attention and emphasis in future policies formulation and implementation in the area of organizing the trade fair particularly in the area of marketing communication. It further recommended that organizers and participants of trade fair should re-orient their concept from the old style forum for the sale and purchase of wares to devising ways of transferring technological know-how to those interested in updating their ways and means of producing goods and services.
Abstract Online: 15-November-2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the contribution of good corporate governance practices on stakeholder's satisfaction among companies listed on the Zimbabwean Stork Exchange. The target population comprised of Chief Executive Officers (CEO) and Directors of listed companies. Thus 52 CEOs participated in this study by completing and returning questionnaires. The research used purposive sampling techniques to select the respondents to this study. At the same time convenience sampling techniques were employed to select Chief Executive Officers. With the aid of SPSS the following statistics were used: descriptive statistics to have clear picture of study variables. Cronbach alpha to measures the internal consistency of the construct, Kurtosis and Skegness values to check the normality of each variable used and correlation analysis to measure the relationship between the variables and validated by Subject-completed Instruments The findings revealed that all the four constructoof good corporate governance namely; reputation, ethical conduct,transparency,independence and leadership accountability, fairness and responsibility had a significant and positive relationship with stakeholder's satisfaction. The research recommends that appropriate models of stakeholder management must be used to identify and address the overall needs of various stakeholders. This calls for social investment, environmental investment and economic investment.
Abstract Online: 15-November-2015

This paper is an attempt to proffer a political economy reflection on the federal government of Nigeria policy on treasury single account (TSA). By way of qualitative analysis of relevant secondary source predicated on the maximum political economy approach,the paper posits that it is the most potent corruption weapon, a critical step towards curbing corruption in public finance by eliminating indiscipline and ensuring adequate fund flow to be channelled to critical sector of economy to catalyse development. Any government, given that it is double edgedsword that would not only cut lose all the fingers of corruption in government, but is also an ingenious policy that will fumigate the banking sector that continuesto wreck us of filth and rot. The trust of the paper is to analysis the argument for and against the policy. However, the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU)and academic Staff Unions of Polytechnics (ASUP) see it as a bottleneck in the smooth running of the Nigerian university system if hurriedly implemented. Thispaper recommends that the concern of this intervention should be to excavate the ancillary social political imperatives of forgoing unity in diversity through the TSA regime that could easily be applied to the question of discrimination and marginalization against Nigerians in their own country on grounds of religion and tribe already outlined by the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Abstract Online: 25-November-2015

With advances in technology, the need for designing the multipliers which offer high speed, low power consumption, less area or even combination of them. We try to find the best solution among speed and area in this work.In this paper we have first tried to design different adders and compare their speed and complexity of circuit. And then we have designed Booth multiplier then followed by Wallace Tree multiplier and have compared the speed and Power consumption in them. After designing and comparing the adders we turned to multipliers. Initially we went for Booth's Multiplier and designed Radix-4 modified booth multiplier and analysed the performance. Then we turned to Wallace Tree Multiplier.The result of thiswork helps us to make a proper choice of different multipliers in fabricating different arithmetic units as well as making a choice among different adders in different digital applications according to requirements.
Abstract Online: 25-November-2015

Tamil is one of the Dravidian languages spoken by Tamil people of India, There are 12 vowels, 18 consonants, 216 consonant vowels and one aaydham in Tamil language, since vowels are generally long in duration compare to consonant sounds and are spectrally well defined, therefore classification of vowels in Tamil language plays a major role in Tamil speech recognition system. One of the simplest ways of Classifying vowel articulatory configuration is in terms of tongue hump position. This can be done by drawing a vowel chart for format frequencies of different Tamil vowel sounds produced by different native talkers.
Abstract Online: 25-November-2015

A flow network is a directed graph where each edge receives a flow and has a capacity.One of the applications to network-flow is labeling algorithm. Labeling techniques algorithms are used to solve wide variety of network problems, such as shortest-path problems, maximal-flow problems, general minimal-cost network-flow problems and minimal spanning tree problems. In 2010,Kumar et al., proposed an algorithm to find the fuzzy maximal flow network between source and sink with generalized trapezoidal fuzzy numbers with only rank. But sometimes ranking function fails for choosing the path of the flow. To avoid this drawback, divergence functions are to be used. This paper proposes an algorithm for getting fuzzy maximal flow network between source and sink for generalized trapezoidal fuzzy number with rank and divergence functionsand also illustrates the algorithm by solving a numerical example.
Abstract Online: 25-November-2015

Corporate social responsibility services have been investigated in the area where the company is operating. Opinion surveys and observations were used in the study. Data were obtained from prospective investors and the general public who have vested interest in the company. The results obtained using kurtosis statistics showed that 99.78%, mean μ 2.03 and standard deviation of 3.54 showed that there is relationship between the company growth and the profit. Despite the company effort in transforming the area, social responsibility is still low in area of scholarships. The study recommended the company to extend more scholarships for students of geology, engineering and management to enhance future recruitments.
Abstract Online: 25-November-2015

Edge detection is a technique which is widely used for image segmentation and data extraction in areas such as image processing, computer vision, machine vision[1]. Simplifying the image data and reducing the amount of data to be processed are the major role of edge detection technique. A comparative study on the analysis of gradient based edge detection techniques is presented in this paper. This study is carried out with an experiment using MATLAB software.
Abstract Online: 25-November-2015

This paper reviews recent studies that have quantified the impacts of climate change on the agriculture and food security in middle belt of Nigeria's sub region. It starts with an overview of the principal aspects of climate change and their impacts on the four dimensions of food security.It then reviews model-based results and discusses the main findings that have arisen from these assessments. The likely impacts of climate change on the other important dimensions of food security are discussed indicating the potential for further negative impacts beyond those currently assessed with models. Strengths and weaknesses of current assessment studies are discussed, suggesting improvements and proposing avenues for strategies of having food security through a viable agriculture despite changes in the climate. Finally, limitations of the current modeling systems are discussed; this includes a discussion on potential surprises and some suggestions to improve future assessments to enhance their overall robustness and their relevance for policy makers.
Abstract Online: 25-November-2015

Cooperation is one of the economic miracles of the 19th century. It is a form of economic organisation based on certain human values. It is a "voluntary and democratic association of human beings based on equity (of distribution), equality (of control and opportunity) and mutuality for the promotion of their common interests as producers or consumers". Generally speaking, cooperation means living, thinking and working together. In this sense co-operation existed even before the existence of man. Urban cooperative banks (UCBs) are one of the vital segments of the banking industry of India. They essentially cater to the credit needs of persons of small means. Cooperative Banks are organized and managed on the principals of cooperation, self-help, and mutual help. These have been playing imperative role in Indian financial system with broad network in both urban and rural areas. Present study aimed to study the financial performance of Dindigul urban cooperative bank through membership position and working capital performance. It found that the negative trend in membership position and working capital the first half of the study period after stable in membership position and positive growth in working capital holding.
Abstract Online: 25-November-2015

Breathing is an inevitable activity of man and air we breathe formed one of basic needs of man for his survival. However, as with water pollution and land contamination, it is the quantity or concentration of a chemical in the air that makes the difference between "harmless" and "pollution." For instance, carbon dioxide (CO2), which present in the air around us at less than 0.05 percent concentration usually does no harm when breathing it (you breathe it out all day long); but air with an extremely high concentration of carbon dioxide of about 5-10 percent is toxic and could kill in a matter of minutes. Since Earth's atmosphere is very turbulent and many live in windy countries, air pollution will often disperse relatively quickly. In less enlightened times, factory operators thought that if they built really high smokestacks, the wind would simply blow their smoke away, diluting and dispersing it so it would not be a problem. The only trouble was, Earth is a much smaller place than we think and pollution does not always disappear so conveniently. Hence, its impact on human beings is harmful and dangerous to human existence. Studies have demonstrated a consistent increased risk for cardiovascular events in relation to both short and long term exposure to present day concentrations of ambient particulate matter. The studied area as a case study is Ajose community in Ogun state, Nigeria herein African foundry is situated. Methods employed were through administering of questionnaires, direct observation, and oral interviews of the residents. It was discovered that there were presence of air pollution and results depicted that its impact in the area was severe. Air pollution has been extensively and consistently linked with mortality. However, no study has investigated the health effects of air pollution on length of survival among diagnosed respiratory patients. It was also revealed that there were no appreciable government efforts made to control this air pollution resulted from the activities of the company African foundry. Keywords: Breathing, air, pollution, contamination, mortality, harmful, ambient.
Abstract Online: 30-November-2015

Bumper is one of the main parts which are used as protection for passengers from front and rear collision. the most important variables like material, structures, shapes and impact conditions are studied for analysis of the bumper beam in order to improve the crashworthiness during collision. The simulation of a bumper is characterized by impact modeling using PRO-E 5.1 according to the speedsThis research, the three types of material was selected that are relevant to be applied to the front bumper beam. The materials consist of alloy steel, Poly either imide (PEI), S2Glassepoxy. These materials were studied by impact modeling to determine the stress on bumper, kinetic energy, potential energy and strain energy. The selected materials are compared to each other to find the best material with highest material strength and structure. Simulation using Finite Element Analysis software of COSMOS, which is PRO-E, was conducted. The results showed that a modified S2Glassepoxy bumper can reduce the impact of collision with higher performance and was suggested to replace Alloy Steel and PEI. The duration taken for S2Glossepoxy to deflect the impact was the shortest compared to Alloy Steel and PEI the findings also showed that Alloy Steel cannot totally absorb the energy and reduce the impact of collision.
Abstract Online: 30-November-2015

As the size and complexity of systems-on-chips continues to grow, the power dissipation during testing becomes very significant problem. During scan shifting, more transitions occur in the flip-flops compared to what occurs during normal functional operation. This problem is further pseudorandom filling of the unassigned input values is employed. Excessive power dissipation during test can increase manufacturing costs by requiring the use of a more expensive chip packaging or causing unnecessary yield loss. The proposed encoding scheme can be used in conjunction with any lfsr-reseeding scheme to significantly reduce test power and even further reduce test storage is presented. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the power dissipation.
Abstract Online: 30-November-2015

This paper attempts to explore the impact of forced mergers and acquisitions of banks on the Nigerianbanking industry. In 2004 the Central bank of Nigeria projects that one of the factors that would ensure the banking industry more viable and performing is through enhancing their capital base. The Central Bank ordered the raise of banks capital to minimum of N25 billion (Nigerian Naira) [£90.5 million GBP] before the end of 2005. At the time it became difficult to most of the banks to meet the target they embarked on mergers and acquisitions. The initial 89 independent banks operating in Nigeria were reduced to 25 through regulatory mergers and acquisitions. The study found that mergers and acquisition in the banking industry in Nigeria did not produce any significant outcome the Industry still bears the old spots of uncertainties, weak and vulnerable to corruption. The study assessed the operational performance of the merged firms (bidder and target banks) and their counterparts (non-merged banks) within the banking industry for the sample period of twelve years, which includes both pre-merger and post-merger periods but excluding the year of acquisition transaction, 2005. The empirical analysis was run on the accounting information, i.e. annual financial reports, of individual banks surrounding the mergers was used to determine performance based on the firm‟s past and present financial data. This method was considered effective in study of merger and acquisition to determine performance by scholars like Meeks and Meeks 1981; Healy et al., 1992; Ghosh, 2001; Zollo and Singh, 2004.
Abstract Online: 30-November-2015

This paper discusses the implementation of VoIP in a small enterprise network. VoIP which can be described as the process by which multimedia and voice communication are digitally delivered over the internet protocol is being continuously implemented in different enterprise networks be it small or large. It could be deployed as an open source or a proprietary or virtual/hosted solution. This implementation is carried out in several ways based on different IP-PBX such as Asterisk and 3CX and VoIP protocols such as H.323, Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP), Session Description Protocol (SDP) and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). However, to implement VoIP in a small enterprise network, factors such as cost, bandwidth, flexibility and availability must be considered. Therefore 3CX which is a proprietary and cost effective IP-PBX and SIP trunking which is a cost effective VoIP protocol compared to other conventional trunking protocols are considered suitable for a small enterprise VoIP and are discussed in this paper.
Abstract Online: 05-December-2015

Energy is very much essential and important in every work, activity and movement with space in the presence of time duration or moment, necessary to all the living beings and other objects & matters. The Earth gravitation has enormous Potential Energy and there is a need to develop the technology to make use of it . If we break the piece of any metal or material we need energy according to the strength. The motor consumes electric Potential energy and engine consumes fuel energy thereby producing the Potential Energy to fulfill our daily demands. Atomic energy can fulfill the energy crises, if making the atomic weapons is stopped pertaining to the destruction of civilization. Even the storage of the uranium and other elements source of Potential atomic energy, its injurious rays to health therefore a requisite room is built to stop the adverse affect of its rays. However alternate energy is also used but it is scanty to fulfill our needs. Potential energy is available in our foods and manure & water necessary to our cultivation as well. In the Celestial system every planet rotates on its axis and revolves in its orbit making the day and night within a fixed period of time pertaining to weeks months years and century. Every event is occurring at fixed time thereby making the seasons. The Potential Energy is convertible from one form. From internet noted the keywprds.
Abstract Online: 05-December-2015

This paper attempts to explore the impact of forced mergers and acquisitions of banks on Work has been carried out to study the upshot of alloying constituent dispersal in the base metal by using composite manufacture method. Al–Cu composites (5–15 wt%) are prepared by vortex method by dispersing copper powder in molten A2024 alloy. Results are compared with the alloy having same concerto. Composites with 5, 10, 15% by weight were also compared. The hardness and compressive strength of the composites were determined as a function of the copper powder content. The best results were achieved with the aluminum composites with A2024 alloy. Deformation and flow studies were carried out and the results were compared with finite element methods in terms of compressive and hydrostatic stresses.
Abstract Online: 05-December-2015

Deficit Round Robin (DRR) is a fair packet-based scheduling discipline commonly used in wired networks where link capacities do not change with time. In wireless networks especially wireless broadband networks such as IEEE 802.16e Mobile Wi-MAX, the capacity can change over time and also depends on the user location. Moreover, Wi-MAX allows packet which violates the packet-based service concept of DRR. Therefore, the traditional DRR can’t directly be used in such networks. Therefore, we introduce Priority based Deficit Round Robin (PBDRRF) to allocate resources in a fair manner, while allowing for varying link capacity. In addition, we extend PBDRR to support users with minimum reserved traffic rate, minimum delay and traffic priority.
Abstract Online: 05-December-2015

This study examines the determinants of dividend payout of Quoted Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria with particular reference to earnings per share, profitability (ROE), liquidity, leverage, corporate tax and sales growth. The ninety eight (98) quoted manufacturing firms are classified into fourteen groups by the Nigerian Stock Exchange, from which a firm is selected from each of the groups to represent the entire population, thus fourteen firms are selected as sample. The regression model is used to assess the determinants of dividend payout using cross sectional time series data for the period of ten years (i.e. 2004-2013). The findings of the study shows that, earnings per share, profitability (ROE), liquidity and sales growth positively influenced Dividend payout while financial leverage and corporate tax negatively influenced it. This implies that, while dividend payout increases as earnings per share, profitability (ROE), liquidity and sales growth increase, it decreases with increase in financial leverage and corporate tax. Thus, concludes that earnings per share, profitability (ROE), liquidity and sales growth have linear relationship while that of financial leverage and corporate tax is inverse. This implies that, the higher the ratio of earnings per share, profitability (ROE), liquidity and sales growth the higher the dividend payout and the higher the ratio of financial leverage and corporate tax the lower the dividend payout. On this note recommends that, earnings per share, profitability (ROE), liquidity and sales growth should be strengthened by Nigerian manufacturing firms to maintain stable dividend payment that will encourage prospective investors and retained earnings should be seen as a panacea to increase performance of the firms among others.
Abstract Online: 05-December-2015